@Article{CeronKaAnCaCaAl:2021:ChENFe,
               author = "Ceron, Wilmar L. and Kayano, Mary Toshie and Andreoli, Rita V. and 
                         Canchala, Teresita and Carvajal-Escobar, Yesid and 
                         Alfonso-Morales, Wilfredo",
          affiliation = "{Universidad del Valle} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)} 
                         and {Universidad del Valle} and {Universidad del Valle} and 
                         {Universidad del Valle}",
                title = "Rainfall Variability in Southwestern Colombia: Changes in 
                         ENSO-Related Features",
              journal = "Pure and Applied Geophysics",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "178",
                pages = "1087--1103",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "Rainfall, El Nino– Southern Oscillation, correlation analysis, 
                         Southwestern Colombia.",
             abstract = "The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main phenomenon 
                         causing interannual rainfall variability in many parts of the 
                         globe. Its influence on Southwestern Colombia rainfall was 
                         examined using observational and reanalysis data during the 
                         1983-2016 period. In order to focus on the interannual timescale, 
                         the data were filtered at the 3-6-year scale. The relations 
                         between variables were analyzed with total and partial 
                         correlations. The total correlations show consistent relationships 
                         between the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the 
                         tropical Pacific and the rainfall variations in Colombia such that 
                         the rainfall in the Andean Region (AR) relates to the SST 
                         anomalies in the central Pacific, and the rainfall in the Pacific 
                         Region (PR), or Pacific western plains, relates to the SST 
                         anomalies in the eastern Pacific. Partial correlations, excluding 
                         the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) influence, show that AR rainfall is 
                         partly modulated by a west-east SST gradient between the eastern 
                         tropical Pacific and the tropical North Atlantic (TNA). The 
                         partial correlation analyses indicate that the rainfall in the PR 
                         is modulated by the SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific; for 
                         example, an anomalous SST pattern with simultaneous warming north 
                         of 10 degrees S and cooling south of 10 degrees S relates to 
                         positive rainfall anomalies in the PR. This SST anomaly dipole in 
                         the eastern Pacific is associated with an asymmetric anomalous 
                         low-level wind pattern about 5 degrees S, with southeasterlies to 
                         the south and southwesterlies to the equator which contribute to 
                         increase moisture transport into most of the western plains of 
                         Colombia and Ecuador and in part of the western Andes mountain 
                         range. Conversely, an opposite-sign SST anomaly pattern in the 
                         eastern Pacific and reversed anomaly wind pattern relate to 
                         negative rainfall anomalies in the PR. These results establish the 
                         foundation for rainfall differential modeling in Southwestern 
                         Colombia based on the Pacific SST variations.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s00024-021-02673-7",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02673-7",
                 issn = "0033-4553",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Cer{\'o}n2021_Article_RainfallVariabilityInSouthwest.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "08 maio 2024"
}